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name=Unix.History
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text=(:title Fifty Years of Freedom: A History of Unix:)%0a%0a[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg|Diagram of Unix history]]%0a%0a!! The Roots of Software Freedom%0a%0aThe beginnings of the software freedom movement can be traced backed to the 1970s with the birth of UNIX.%0a%0aResearchers at Bell Labs were creating a new operating system and, with it, an innovative approach to computing now known as the Unix Philosophy.%0a%0aAt the time, software freedom had not been formally defined. Unix itself was funded and owned by AT&T. Due to a court order, however, AT&T was legally forbidden to conduct any business not related to telephony. As a result, AT&T decided to distribute Unix to academic and research institutions for merely the cost of media. Each Unix installation included complete source code. Thanks to AT&T's benign neglect, academic users were given the ability to study the code, modify it, and create new works. And so, the software freedom movement was born.%0a%0aWhat made Unix special was how its philosophy was a perfect match for the free software community. Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. In Unix, users could combine simple components together to create a highly programmable system. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, written in a powerful, high-level language designed for portability: C. A simplified, uniform filesystem made it easy to work with peripherals. Programs were written to work with text streams, making it easy to reuse existing programs for novel purposes. Taken together, these design choices made it easy for users to understand, modify, and extend their system.%0a%0aThe Unix philosophy encouraged users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the original Bell Labs creators. If there was a missing program, the user could create a shell script by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. If there was a missing feature, the user could modify the program's source code on the spot. At the time, many operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages. With Unix, full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could make these changes. In fact, the system was even ported to new hardware without consulting the original authors. The net result was users could quickly add features. New text editors, new shells, even a new filesystem and a complete networking stack were added outside of Bell Labs.%0a%0aFor the first time, the user community was able to obtain such power to create code with Unix. Academic and research institutions received this for the trivial cost of media. Unix's users now had a powerful platform that could be used to create new tools that exceeded the designs of its original authors.%0a%0a!! The Right to Code%0a%0aThe Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating system kernels at the time. In fact, Unix's small size was not a coincidence, but a virtue. For the free and open source community, simple code meant students could understand and contribute code. Unix users were able to read, understand, and contribute to the operating system without decades of professional training. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975; by 1977, John Lions had published the source code with his commentary, and the book was widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|John Lions' A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]]).%0a%0aBecause of Unix's open nature, its users immediately began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. At USENIX groups, users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system's performance and features. By 1977, Tom Lyon at Princeton ported parts of Unix to a new architecture without involvement from the Bell Labs team. In 1980, two university students at Duke created a public domain version of Netnews and provided it to be freely distributed on USENIX tapes. This would quickly grow to be Usenet.%0a%0aThe University of California, Berkeley had licensed Unix Sixth Edition, and right away it began to work on its own customized version, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing the C shell bundled in free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD, becoming the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix. Other innovations included job control and curses.%0a%0aIn 1984, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. During this time, he published the GNU manifesto for software freedom, which clearly stated that users ought to have the right to freely use, study, share, and fork their software. Stallman went on to create one of the first free C compilers for UNIX, the GNU C Compiler (gcc). The movement for software freedom was in full swing.%0a%0a!! Software Independence%0a%0aWhen AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. By 1981, AT&T's UNIX System III no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix's users had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to suppress what had been openly shared for years.%0a%0aUsers resisted the changes. Bootlegged photocopies of Lions' commentary on Sixth Edition Unix continued to circulate widely throughout academia. Many users continued to purchase either Unix V7 or BSD, where they still had access to the source code. Still others were determined to create a free Unix clone.%0a%0aWhen Andy Tanenbaum discovered he could no longer use Unix freely for teaching, he decided to write his own clone: Minix. This Unix-compatible clone targeted the upcoming architecture, IBM-compatible PCs, which became popular in the 1990s. MINIX contained no AT&T code but emulated UNIX, came with its own C compiler, a Bourne-like shell, and text editors. It was available for educational use by 1987.%0a%0aMeanwhile, the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at Berkeley continued distributing new improvements to BSD. The CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. By 1988, a BSD release was completed which had no AT&T source code, which could be redistributed freely over FTP.%0a%0aFinally, in 1991, Linus Torvalds uploaded version 0.01 of his kernel, to complete the most famous Unix-like clone in history. With the Linux kernel in place, and GNU userland, the Linux operating system quickly became the Unix clone of choice for the free community.%0a%0aFrom 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed these Unix-like clones take over the Internet. The free and open source movement succeeded because of the triumph of the UNIX philosophy.%0a%0a!! The Unix Philosophy%0a%0aIt is no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for software freedom. Although other attempts were made at software freedom, none of them had the same impact as the Unix-like clones, because the Unix philosophy in particular works in harmony with the ideals of the free software movement. With Unix, users are involved with writing code for their own system. Software development is simpler, easier to maintain, and accessible for users. Software that ignores this philosophy often becomes too complex for users to code for.%0a%0aThe ability for you, the user, to be able to personally modify your software and to create new programs has always been an essential pillar of software freedom.%0a%0a!! Plan 9%0a%0aWhile Unix was achieving success in the free user community, researchers from the Bell Labs team were brainstorming ways to make a better operating system. They invented a new system called [[Ircnow/Explorer|Plan 9]], to carry the Unix philosophy to new heights.%0a
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time=1647281266
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title=Fifty Years of Freedom: A History of Unix
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diff:1647281266:1647241245:=15c15%0a%3c The Unix philosophy encouraged users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the original Bell Labs creators. If there was a missing program, the user could create a shell script by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. If there was a missing feature, the user could modify the program's source code on the spot. At the time, many operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages. With Unix, full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could make these changes. In fact, the system was even ported to new hardware without consulting the original authors. The net result was users could quickly add features. New text editors, new shells, even a new filesystem and a complete networking stack were added outside of Bell Labs.%0a---%0a> The Unix philosophy encouraged users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the original Bell Labs creators. If there was a missing program, user could create a shell script by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. If there was a missing feature, a user could modify the program's source code on the spot. At the time, many operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages. With Unix, full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could make these changes. In fact, the system was even ported to new hardware without consulting the original authors. The net result was users could quickly add features. New text editors, new shells, even a new filesystem and a complete networking stack were added outside of Bell Labs.%0a
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diff:1647241245:1647241102:=51c51%0a%3c While Unix was achieving success in the free user community, researchers from the Bell Labs team were brainstorming ways to make a better operating system. They invented a new system called [[Ircnow/Explorer|Plan 9]], to carry the Unix philosophy to new heights.%0a---%0a> While Unix was achieving success in the free user community, researchers from the Bell Labs team were brainstorming ways to make a better operating system. They invented a new system called [[Ircnow/Explorer|Plan 9]], to carry the Unix philosophy to new heights of innovation.%0a
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diff:1647241102:1647240333:=50,51d49%0a%3c %0a%3c While Unix was achieving success in the free user community, researchers from the Bell Labs team were brainstorming ways to make a better operating system. They invented a new system called [[Ircnow/Explorer|Plan 9]], to carry the Unix philosophy to new heights of innovation.%0a
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diff:1647240333:1647240208:=45,47c45,47%0a%3c It is no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for software freedom. Although other attempts were made at software freedom, none of them had the same impact as the Unix-like clones, because the Unix philosophy in particular works in harmony with the ideals of the free software movement. With Unix, users are involved with writing code for their own system. Software development is simpler, easier to maintain, and accessible for users. Software that ignores this philosophy often becomes too complex for users to code for.%0a%3c %0a%3c The ability for you, the user, to be able to personally modify your software and to create new programs has always been an essential pillar of software freedom.%0a---%0a> It was no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for the movement. Although there were other attempts at software freedom, the Unix philosophy triumphed because it works in harmony with the free software movement. With Unix, users get involved with writing code for their own system. Software development is simple, easy to maintain, and accessible for users. Software that ignores this philosophy often becomes too complex for users to code for.%0a> %0a> The ability for you, the user, to be able to personally modify your software and to create new programs has always been an essential pillar of the free software ethic. The Unix approach that lets you do this best.%0a
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diff:1647240208:1647239535:=31,41c31,41%0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. By 1981, AT&T's UNIX System III no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix's users had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to suppress what had been openly shared for years.%0a%3c %0a%3c Users resisted the changes. Bootlegged photocopies of Lions' commentary on Sixth Edition Unix continued to circulate widely throughout academia. Many users continued to purchase either Unix V7 or BSD, where they still had access to the source code. Still others were determined to create a free Unix clone.%0a%3c %0a%3c When Andy Tanenbaum discovered he could no longer use Unix freely for teaching, he decided to write his own clone: Minix. This Unix-compatible clone targeted the upcoming architecture, IBM-compatible PCs, which became popular in the 1990s. MINIX contained no AT&T code but emulated UNIX, came with its own C compiler, a Bourne-like shell, and text editors. It was available for educational use by 1987.%0a%3c %0a%3c Meanwhile, the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at Berkeley continued distributing new improvements to BSD. The CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. By 1988, a BSD release was completed which had no AT&T source code, which could be redistributed freely over FTP.%0a%3c %0a%3c Finally, in 1991, Linus Torvalds uploaded version 0.01 of his kernel, to complete the most famous Unix-like clone in history. With the Linux kernel in place, and GNU userland, the Linux operating system quickly became the Unix clone of choice for the free community.%0a%3c %0a%3c From 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed these Unix-like clones take over the Internet. The free and open source movement succeeded because of the triumph of the UNIX philosophy.%0a---%0a> When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. By 1981, AT&T's UNIX System III no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a> %0a> Photocopies of Sixth Edition source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia, despite prohibitions. Bootlegged copies were circulated to make it an underground classic. Many users continued to purchase either Unix V7 or BSD to get access to the source.%0a> %0a> When Andy Tanenbaum discovered he could no longer use Unix freely for teaching, he decided to write his own clone, Minix. This was the first Unix-compatible clone that targeted the upcoming architecture, IBM-compatible PCs, which became popular in the 1990s. MINIX contained no AT&T code but emulated UNIX, came with its own C compiler, Bourne-like shell, and text editors. It was available for educational use in 1987.%0a> %0a> Meanwhile, the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at Berkeley continued distributing new improvements to BSD. The CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. At each USENIX conference, announcements were made about how much AT&T code was removed, followed by cheers and applause. By 1988, a BSD release was completed which had no AT&T source code, which could be redistributed freely over FTP.%0a> %0a> Finally, in 1991, Linus Torvalds uploaded version 0.01 of his kernel, to complete the most famous Unix-like clone in history. With the Linux kernel in place, and GNU userland and other utilities, the Linux operating system quickly became the Unix clone of choice for the free community.%0a> %0a> From 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed the Unix-like clones take over the Internet. The huge success of the Unix-like operating systems attests to the genius of the UNIX philosophy. Software freedom was possible thanks to the triumph of this idea.%0a
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diff:1647239535:1647239098:=25,26c25,26%0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley had licensed Unix Sixth Edition, and right away it began to work on its own customized version, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing the C shell bundled in free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD, becoming the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix. Other innovations included job control and curses.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing the C shell bundled in free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix.%0a> %0a31c31%0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. By 1981, AT&T's UNIX System III no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a---%0a> When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. By 1981, UNIX System III from AT&T no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a
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diff:1647239098:1647238771:=23c23%0a%3c Because of Unix's open nature, its users immediately began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. At USENIX groups, users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system's performance and features. By 1977, Tom Lyon at Princeton ported parts of Unix to a new architecture without involvement from the Bell Labs team. In 1980, two university students at Duke created a public domain version of Netnews and provided it to be freely distributed on USENIX tapes. This would quickly grow to be Usenet.%0a---%0a> Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. At USENIX groups, users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system's performance and features. By 1977, users had already ported Unix to a new architecture without any involvement by the Bell Labs team. In 1980, two university students at Duke created a public domain version of Netnews and provided it to be freely distributed on USENIX tapes. This would quickly grow to be Usenet.%0a
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diff:1647238771:1647238342:=21c21%0a%3c The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating system kernels at the time. In fact, Unix's small size was not a coincidence, but a virtue. For the free and open source community, simple code meant students could understand and contribute code. Unix users were able to read, understand, and contribute to the operating system without decades of professional training. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975; by 1977, John Lions had published the source code with his commentary, and the book was widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|John Lions' A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]]).%0a---%0a> The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating system kernels at the time. In fact, Unix's small size was not a coincidence, but a virtue. For the free and open source community, simple code is more accessible for university students to understand and code for. An important part of Unix was being able to read, understand, and contribute to the operating system. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975; by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|John Lions' A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]]).%0a
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diff:1647238342:1647238028:=21c21%0a%3c The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating system kernels at the time. In fact, Unix's small size was not a coincidence, but a virtue. For the free and open source community, simple code is more accessible for university students to understand and code for. An important part of Unix was being able to read, understand, and contribute to the operating system. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975; by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|John Lions' A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]]).%0a---%0a> The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and code for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]]).%0a
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diff:1647238028:1647236631:=13,17c13,15%0a%3c What made Unix special was how its philosophy was a perfect match for the free software community. Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. In Unix, users could combine simple components together to create a highly programmable system. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, written in a powerful, high-level language designed for portability: C. A simplified, uniform filesystem made it easy to work with peripherals. Programs were written to work with text streams, making it easy to reuse existing programs for novel purposes. Taken together, these design choices made it easy for users to understand, modify, and extend their system.%0a%3c %0a%3c The Unix philosophy encouraged users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the original Bell Labs creators. If there was a missing program, user could create a shell script by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. If there was a missing feature, a user could modify the program's source code on the spot. At the time, many operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages. With Unix, full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could make these changes. In fact, the system was even ported to new hardware without consulting the original authors. The net result was users could quickly add features. New text editors, new shells, even a new filesystem and a complete networking stack were added outside of Bell Labs.%0a%3c %0a%3c For the first time, the user community was able to obtain such power to create code with Unix. Academic and research institutions received this for the trivial cost of media. Unix's users now had a powerful platform that could be used to create new tools that exceeded the designs of its original authors.%0a---%0a> What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity and programmability. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, written in a powerful high-level language that made modifications easy. The user interface was a powerful shell which could be used to create new programs in a simple and easy manner. For a trivial price, users now had a powerful platform that could be used to create new tools that exceeded the designs of its original authors.%0a> %0a> Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in C, a language created by the Bell Labs team to make software portable. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplified interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking, new text editors, or even new filesystems and shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a
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diff:1647236631:1647216366:=9,11c9,11%0a%3c Researchers at Bell Labs were creating a new operating system and, with it, an innovative approach to computing now known as the Unix Philosophy.%0a%3c %0a%3c At the time, software freedom had not been formally defined. Unix itself was funded and owned by AT&T. Due to a court order, however, AT&T was legally forbidden to conduct any business not related to telephony. As a result, AT&T decided to distribute Unix to academic and research institutions for merely the cost of media. Each Unix installation included complete source code. Thanks to AT&T's benign neglect, academic users were given the ability to study the code, modify it, and create new works. And so, the software freedom movement was born.%0a---%0a> Researchers at Bell Labs were creating a new operating system, and with it, a new innovative approach to computing now known as the Unix Philosophy.%0a> %0a> At the time, open source was not formally defined. Unix itself was funded and owned by AT&T. Due to a court order, AT&T was legally forbidden to conduct any business not related to telephony. As a result, AT&T decided to distribute Unix to academic and research institutions for merely the cost of media. With each Unix installation, users were given complete source code. Thanks to AT&T's benign neglect, the software freedom movement was born.%0a
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diff:1647216366:1647216253:=29c29%0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. By 1981, UNIX System III from AT&T no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a---%0a> When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. UNIX System III from AT&T no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a
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diff:1647216253:1647215887:=29,31c29,31%0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. UNIX System III from AT&T no longer came with source code. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a%3c %0a%3c Photocopies of Sixth Edition source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia, despite prohibitions. Bootlegged copies were circulated to make it an underground classic. Many users continued to purchase either Unix V7 or BSD to get access to the source.%0a---%0a> When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a> %0a> Photocopies of Sixth Edition source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia, despite prohibitions. Bootlegged copies were circulated to make it an underground classic.%0a
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diff:1647215887:1647215817:=23c23%0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing the C shell bundled in free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix.%0a---%0a> The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. He then wrote the C shell, and the next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix.%0a
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diff:1647215817:1647215601:=23c23%0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. He then wrote the C shell, and the next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix.%0a---%0a> The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix.%0a
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diff:1647215601:1647215393:=15c15%0a%3c Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in C, a language created by the Bell Labs team to make software portable. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplified interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking, new text editors, or even new filesystems and shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a---%0a> Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in C, a language created by the Bell Labs team to make software portable. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplied interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking, new text editors, or even new filesystems and shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a
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diff:1647215393:1647214990:=33c33%0a%3c When Andy Tanenbaum discovered he could no longer use Unix freely for teaching, he decided to write his own clone, Minix. This was the first Unix-compatible clone that targeted the upcoming architecture, IBM-compatible PCs, which became popular in the 1990s. MINIX contained no AT&T code but emulated UNIX, came with its own C compiler, Bourne-like shell, and text editors. It was available for educational use in 1987.%0a---%0a> When Andy Tanenbaum discovered he could no longer use Unix freely for teaching, he decided to write his own clone, Minix. This was the first Unix-compatible clone that targeted the upcoming architecture, IBM-compatible PCs, which became popular in the 1990s. MINIX contained no AT&T code but emulated UNIX, came with its own C compiler, Bourne-like shell, and text editors.%0a
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diff:1647214990:1647214929:=23c23%0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free TCP/IP implementation for Unix.%0a---%0a> The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free Unix with TCP/IP.%0a
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diff:1647214929:1647214718:=19c19%0a%3c The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and code for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]]).%0a---%0a> The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and code for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]].%0a
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diff:1647214718:1647214579:=1,2c1,6%0a%3c (:title Fifty Years of Freedom: A History of Unix:)%0a%3c %0a---%0a> (:title Fifty Years of Freedom: An Interactive Unix History:)%0a> %0a> Learn about the major milestones in unix history through virtual machines on our network.%0a> %0a> This exhibit compiles all the major developments in Unix for a new generation to learn about the joy of software freedom.%0a> %0a4a9,31%0a> !! Unix Past%0a> %0a> !!! UNIX v6%0a> %0a> !!! UNIX v8%0a> %0a> Attach:mux.png%0a> Attach:blit.mkv%0a> %0a> !! Unix Present%0a> %0a> !!! BSD%0a> %0a> !!! MINIX%0a> %0a> !!! GNU/Linux%0a> %0a> !!! Solaris%0a> %0a> !! Unix Future%0a> %0a> !!! Plan 9%0a> %0a46,47d72%0a%3c %0a%3c !! Plan 9%0a
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diff:1647214579:1647213941:=64,67c64,66%0a%3c Finally, in 1991, Linus Torvalds uploaded version 0.01 of his kernel, to complete the most famous Unix-like clone in history. With the Linux kernel in place, and GNU userland and other utilities, the Linux operating system quickly became the Unix clone of choice for the free community.%0a%3c %0a%3c From 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed the Unix-like clones take over the Internet. The huge success of the Unix-like operating systems attests to the genius of the UNIX philosophy. Software freedom was possible thanks to the triumph of this idea.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> Finally, Linus Torvalds in the 1990s began his work on the Linux kernel, which was targeted for the then exploding 386 PC market.%0a> From 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed the Unix-like clones take over the Internet. The huge success of the Unix-like operating systems attests to the genius of the UNIX philosophy. It was the triumph of an idea that began with the original Unix.%0a> %0a70,72c69,73%0a%3c It was no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for the movement. Although there were other attempts at software freedom, the Unix philosophy triumphed because it works in harmony with the free software movement. With Unix, users get involved with writing code for their own system. Software development is simple, easy to maintain, and accessible for users. Software that ignores this philosophy often becomes too complex for users to code for.%0a%3c %0a%3c The ability for you, the user, to be able to personally modify your software and to create new programs has always been an essential pillar of the free software ethic. The Unix approach that lets you do this best.%0a---%0a> It was no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for the movement. The Unix philosophy fits the free software movement because it gets users involved with writing code for their own system.%0a> %0a> Software that does not follow the Unix philosophy is complex and difficult to maintain, requiring specialized professionals which the FOSS community lacks.%0a> %0a> The ability for you, as a user, to personally modify the software, to create new programs that fit your needs, has always been an essential part of the free software ethic. The Unix philosophy is the approach that lets you do this best. If the FOSS community can remember its Unix roots, it will be able to retain its liberty.%0a
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diff:1647213941:1647213396:=56,59c56,59%0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to purchase the Sixth edition code with commentary. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for years.%0a%3c %0a%3c Photocopies of Sixth Edition source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia, despite prohibitions. Bootlegged copies were circulated to make it an underground classic.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to order the Sixth edition code with commentary. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for year.%0a> %0a> Photocopies of Sixth Edition source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia, despite prohibitions.%0a> %0a62c62%0a%3c Meanwhile, the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at Berkeley continued distributing new improvements to BSD. The CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. At each USENIX conference, announcements were made about how much AT&T code was removed, followed by cheers and applause. By 1988, a BSD release was completed which had no AT&T source code, which could be redistributed freely over FTP.%0a---%0a> Meanwhile, the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) began to distribute BSD. Due to licensing disputes with AT&T, the CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. By 1995, BSD provided the world with a Unix-like operating system that was free of restrictions.%0a
079
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diff:1647213396:1647213005:=56,63c56,63%0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to order the Sixth edition code with commentary. Universities were no longer allowed to freely redistribute source code for teaching. But by this time, Unix had been deeply steeped in software freedom. It was too late to close what had been openly shared for year.%0a%3c %0a%3c Photocopies of Sixth Edition source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia, despite prohibitions.%0a%3c %0a%3c When Andy Tanenbaum discovered he could no longer use Unix freely for teaching, he decided to write his own clone, Minix. This was the first Unix-compatible clone that targeted the upcoming architecture, IBM-compatible PCs, which became popular in the 1990s. MINIX contained no AT&T code but emulated UNIX, came with its own C compiler, Bourne-like shell, and text editors.%0a%3c %0a%3c Meanwhile, the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) began to distribute BSD. Due to licensing disputes with AT&T, the CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. By 1995, BSD provided the world with a Unix-like operating system that was free of restrictions.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to order the Sixth edition code with commentary. But by this time, it was too late to close what had been an openly shared for so long. Photocopies of the source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia.%0a> %0a> Seventh success of Unix, it tried to rewind the clock and restrict terms on their previously liberal licensing. short while later, AT&T tried to restrict terms on the licenses to UNIX beginning with 7th edition, it was too late. The source code had already been unleashed and programmers all over the world began to make their own clones.%0a> %0a> The Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) began to distribute BSD. Due to licensing disputes with AT&T, the CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. By 1995, BSD provided the world with a Unix-like operating system that was free of restrictions.%0a> %0a> In the meantime, Andrew Tanenbaum began his work on Minix, a Unix-compatible clone that was the first to target IBM-compatible PC hardware.%0a> %0a65c65,66%0a%3c From 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed the Unix-like clones take over the Internet. The huge success of the Unix-like operating systems attests to the genius of the UNIX philosophy. It was the triumph of an idea that began with the original Unix.%0a---%0a> %0a> From 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed the Unix-like clones take over the world. The huge success of the *nix operating systems attests to the genius of the UNIX philosophy. It was the triumph of an idea that began in 1976's Sixth Edition Unix.%0a
082
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diff:1647213005:1647212767:=48,51c48,51%0a%3c Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. At USENIX groups, users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system's performance and features. By 1977, users had already ported Unix to a new architecture without any involvement by the Bell Labs team. In 1980, two university students at Duke created a public domain version of Netnews and provided it to be freely distributed on USENIX tapes. This would quickly grow to be Usenet.%0a%3c %0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free Unix with TCP/IP.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. At USENIX groups, users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system's performance and features. By 1977, users had already ported Unix to a new architecture without any involvement by the Bell Labs team.%0a> %0a> The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In that same year, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free Unix with TCP/IP.%0a> %0a56c56%0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to clamp down and restrict their previously generous terms. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to order the Sixth edition code with commentary. But by this time, it was too late to close what had been an openly shared for so long. Photocopies of the source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia.%0a---%0a> When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to restrict terms on their previously generous licenses. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to order the Sixth edition code with commentary. But by this time, it was too late to close what had been an openly shared for so long. Photocopies of the source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia.%0a
085
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diff:1647212767:1647212226:=46,52c46,52%0a%3c The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and code for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]].%0a%3c %0a%3c Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. At USENIX groups, users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system's performance and features. By 1977, users had already ported Unix to a new architecture without any involvement by the Bell Labs team.%0a%3c %0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley also began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In that same year, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free Unix with TCP/IP.%0a%3c %0a%3c In 1984, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. During this time, he published the GNU manifesto for software freedom, which clearly stated that users ought to have the right to freely use, study, share, and fork their software. Stallman went on to create one of the first free C compilers for UNIX, the GNU C Compiler (gcc). The movement for software freedom was in full swing.%0a---%0a> The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and begin coding for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]].%0a> %0a> Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. USENIX groups sprang up, where Unix users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system.%0a> %0a> The University of California, Berkeley began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) soon afterwards. In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free Unix with TCP/IP.%0a> %0a> At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. During his work, he published the GNU manifesto for software freedom, which clearly stated that users ought to have the right to freely use, study, share, and fork their software. Stallman went on to create one of the first free C compilers for UNIX, the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a
088
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diff:1647212226:1647212002:=42c42%0a%3c Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in C, a language created by the Bell Labs team to make software portable. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplied interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking, new text editors, or even new filesystems and shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a---%0a> Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in C, a language created by the Bell Labs team to make software portable. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to computer hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplied interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking or new shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a
091
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diff:1647212002:1647211908:=
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diff:1647211908:1647211353:=48,49c48,49%0a%3c Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate. USENIX groups sprang up, where Unix users shared software freely with one another and made improvements to the system.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate.%0a> %0a54,58c54,56%0a%3c !! Software Independence%0a%3c %0a%3c When AT&T's lawyers noticed Unix's success, it tried to restrict terms on their previously generous licenses. By late 1978, it was no longer possible to order the Sixth edition code with commentary. But by this time, it was too late to close what had been an openly shared for so long. Photocopies of the source code continued to circulate widely throughout academia.%0a%3c %0a%3c Seventh success of Unix, it tried to rewind the clock and restrict terms on their previously liberal licensing. short while later, AT&T tried to restrict terms on the licenses to UNIX beginning with 7th edition, it was too late. The source code had already been unleashed and programmers all over the world began to make their own clones.%0a---%0a> !! The Right to Code%0a> %0a> A short while later, AT&T tried to restrict terms on the licenses to UNIX beginning with 7th edition, it was too late. The source code had already been unleashed and programmers all over the world began to make their own clones.%0a
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diff:1647211353:1647211071:=52,54c52%0a%3c At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. During his work, he published the GNU manifesto for software freedom, which clearly stated that users ought to have the right to freely use, study, share, and fork their software. Stallman went on to create one of the first free C compilers for UNIX, the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a%3c %0a%3c !! The Right to Code%0a---%0a> At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. Soon after publishing his manifesto for software freedom, Stallman created one of the first free C compilers for UNIX, the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a
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diff:1647211071:1647210811:=52c52%0a%3c At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. Soon after publishing his manifesto for software freedom, Stallman created one of the first free C compilers for UNIX, the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a---%0a> At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. Soon after publishing his manifesto for software freedom, Stallman created one of the first free C compilers for UNIX: the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a
103
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diff:1647210811:1647210582:=42,43c42,43%0a%3c Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in C, a language created by the Bell Labs team to make software portable. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to computer hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplied interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking or new shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in high-level C. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to computer hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplied interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking or new shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a> %0a52c52%0a%3c At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. Soon after publishing his manifesto for software freedom, Stallman created one of the first free C compilers for UNIX: the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a---%0a> At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. Soon afterwards, he created one of the first free C compilers for UNIX: the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a
106
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diff:1647210582:1647210520:=47,48d46%0a%3c %0a%3c Because of Unix's open nature, right away its users began to write new software that its creators did not anticipate.%0a
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diff:1647210520:1647210405:=49,50d48%0a%3c %0a%3c At the same time, Richard Stallman at MIT began porting Emacs to Unix. Soon afterwards, he created one of the first free C compilers for UNIX: the GNU C Compiler (gcc).%0a
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diff:1647210405:1647209743:=48c48,49%0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) soon afterwards. In 1977, Bill Joy wrote vi, the first Unix text editor to use an entire screen. The next year, he began distributing free copies of BSD. By 1980, networking features were added to BSD to give us the first free Unix with TCP/IP.%0a---%0a> %0a> The University of California, Berkeley began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) in the 1980s. This was the first Unix to give us a free implementation of TCP/IP networking and the vi text editor.%0a
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diff:1647209743:1647209619:=46,47c46%0a%3c The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and begin coding for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world ([[http://warsus.github.io/lions-/|A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix]].%0a%3c %0a---%0a> The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and begin coding for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world.%0a
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diff:1647209619:1647209424:=46c46,49%0a%3c The Unix kernel itself was less than 10,000 lines long, making it 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems at the time. It was not a coincidence that Unix was smaller. For the free and open source community, simplicity is a virtue. Unix's simple code made it accessible for university students to understand and begin coding for. UNIX Sixth Edition was released in 1975, and by 1976, its source code and commentary were being widely circulated by researchers in universities around the world.%0a---%0a> The Unix kernel itself was only 10,000 lines long, 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems of the day. It was simple enough for students to understand and begin coding for. Not long after Sixth Edition was released, it was ported to different architectures by researchers from other universities.%0a> %0a> As one example, Unix %0a> It separated%0a
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diff:1647209424:1647209375:=44c44%0a%3c !! The Right to Code%0a---%0a> !! Simplicity and Power%0a
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diff:1647209375:1647208695:=40,45c40,43%0a%3c What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity and programmability. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, written in a powerful high-level language that made modifications easy. The user interface was a powerful shell which could be used to create new programs in a simple and easy manner. For a trivial price, users now had a powerful platform that could be used to create new tools that exceeded the designs of its original authors.%0a%3c %0a%3c Unlike many other commercial operating systems, Unix was designed from the beginning to be fully programmable by its users. It was a platform that allowed users to explore, experiment, and create -- often in ways not envisioned by the Bell Labs team. While other operating systems were written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in high-level C. Full source code and a compiler was provided so that users could port the system to computer hardware the original authors did not have. The system was designed to provide simplied interfaces, such as a uniform filesystem to make it easy to access peripherals. It came with a shell which made it simple to create new utilities by stringing together smaller components in long pipelines. The net result was users could quickly add features, such as networking or new shells, without the need to ask for permission.%0a%3c %0a%3c !! Simplicity and Power%0a%3c %0a---%0a> What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity and programmability. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, written in a powerful high-level language that made modifications easy. The user interface was a powerful shell which could be used to create new programs in a simple and easy manner.%0a> %0a> Unix was designed to be programmed from its inception. Unlike other operating systems written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in high-level C, and full source code was provided. Its filesystem provided a simple, uniform interface to deal with resources. Its shell made it easy to create new utilities by stringing together existing ones in long pipelines.%0a> %0a47,49d44%0a%3c %0a%3c As one example, Unix %0a%3c It separated%0a
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diff:1647208695:1647208616:=40c40%0a%3c What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity and programmability. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, written in a powerful high-level language that made modifications easy. The user interface was a powerful shell which could be used to create new programs in a simple and easy manner.%0a---%0a> What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity and programmability. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code and a shell which could be used to create new programs in a simple and easy manner.%0a
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diff:1647208616:1647207480:=32,38c32,38%0a%3c !! The Roots of Software Freedom%0a%3c %0a%3c The beginnings of the software freedom movement can be traced backed to the 1970s with the birth of UNIX.%0a%3c %0a%3c Researchers at Bell Labs were creating a new operating system, and with it, a new innovative approach to computing now known as the Unix Philosophy.%0a%3c %0a%3c At the time, open source was not formally defined. Unix itself was funded and owned by AT&T. Due to a court order, AT&T was legally forbidden to conduct any business not related to telephony. As a result, AT&T decided to distribute Unix to academic and research institutions for merely the cost of media. With each Unix installation, users were given complete source code. Thanks to AT&T's benign neglect, the software freedom movement was born.%0a---%0a> !! History of Free and Open Source Software%0a> %0a> The beginnings of the software freedom movement can be traced backed to 1976 with the release of Sixth Edition UNIX.%0a> %0a> The researchers at Bell Labs shared with the world the Unix operating system and with it, the innovative approach to computing now known as the Unix Philosophy.%0a> %0a> Open source at the time was not formally defined. Instead, the source code itself was shared because of a benign neglected by AT&T, the owner of the copyrights.%0a
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diff:1647207480:1647205592:=64c64%0a%3c The ability for you, as a user, to personally modify the software, to create new programs that fit your needs, has always been an essential part of the free software ethic. The Unix philosophy is the approach that lets you do this best. If the FOSS community can remember its Unix roots, it will be able to retain its liberty.%0a---%0a> The ability to customize the software and program it to fit your needs has always been part of the free software ethic. The Unix philosophy, more than any other, is ideally suited.%0a
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diff:1647205592:1647205520:=46,48c46,48%0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) in the 1980s. This was the first Unix to give us a free implementation of TCP/IP networking and the vi text editor.%0a%3c %0a%3c A short while later, AT&T tried to restrict terms on the licenses to UNIX beginning with 7th edition, it was too late. The source code had already been unleashed and programmers all over the world began to make their own clones.%0a---%0a> The University of California, Berkeley began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) in the 1980s.%0a> %0a> When AT&T later tried to restrict terms on the licenses to UNIX beginning with 7th edition, it was too late. The source code had already been unleashed and programmers all over the world began to make their own clones.%0a
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diff:1647205520:1647205276:=40,44c40,44%0a%3c What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity and programmability. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code and a shell which could be used to create new programs in a simple and easy manner.%0a%3c %0a%3c Unix was designed to be programmed from its inception. Unlike other operating systems written in assembly or other low-level languages, Unix was written in high-level C, and full source code was provided. Its filesystem provided a simple, uniform interface to deal with resources. Its shell made it easy to create new utilities by stringing together existing ones in long pipelines.%0a%3c %0a%3c The Unix kernel itself was only 10,000 lines long, 10x to 100x smaller than proprietary operating systems of the day. It was simple enough for students to understand and begin coding for. Not long after Sixth Edition was released, it was ported to different architectures by researchers from other universities.%0a---%0a> What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity, programmability, and transparency. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, allowing users the ability to customize and add new source code.%0a> %0a> It was designed to be programmed from the start due to its shell and the ability to combine multiple small utilities together to form pipes.%0a> %0a> The kernel itself was only 10,000 lines long, making it easy for students to understand and begin working on the operating system. Not long after Sixth Edition was released, it was ported to different architectures by enthusiasts.%0a
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diff:1647205276:1647205163:=56,58c56,58%0a%3c From 1990 to 2020, the world witnessed the Unix-like clones take over the world. The huge success of the *nix operating systems attests to the genius of the UNIX philosophy. It was the triumph of an idea that began in 1976's Sixth Edition Unix.%0a%3c %0a%3c !! The Unix Philosophy%0a---%0a> The free and open source software movements began in 1976 with the release of Sixth Edition Unix. The multiple UNIX-like clones attest to the enduring popularity and genius of the UNIX philosophy.%0a> %0a> !! The Triumph of an Idea%0a
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diff:1647205163:1647204859:=58,64c58,60%0a%3c !! The Triumph of an Idea%0a%3c %0a%3c It was no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for the movement. The Unix philosophy fits the free software movement because it gets users involved with writing code for their own system.%0a%3c %0a%3c Software that does not follow the Unix philosophy is complex and difficult to maintain, requiring specialized professionals which the FOSS community lacks.%0a%3c %0a%3c The ability to customize the software and program it to fit your needs has always been part of the free software ethic. The Unix philosophy, more than any other, is ideally suited.%0a---%0a> It was no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for the movement.%0a> %0a> In particular, the %0a
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diff:1647204859:1647204768:=55,60d54%0a%3c %0a%3c The free and open source software movements began in 1976 with the release of Sixth Edition Unix. The multiple UNIX-like clones attest to the enduring popularity and genius of the UNIX philosophy.%0a%3c %0a%3c It was no coincidence that Unix provided such fertile ground for the movement.%0a%3c %0a%3c In particular, the %0a
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diff:1647204768:1647204326:=36,54c36%0a%3c The researchers at Bell Labs shared with the world the Unix operating system and with it, the innovative approach to computing now known as the Unix Philosophy.%0a%3c %0a%3c Open source at the time was not formally defined. Instead, the source code itself was shared because of a benign neglected by AT&T, the owner of the copyrights.%0a%3c %0a%3c What was special about Unix was its unique combination of simplicity, programmability, and transparency. Each installation of the operating system came with complete source code, allowing users the ability to customize and add new source code.%0a%3c %0a%3c It was designed to be programmed from the start due to its shell and the ability to combine multiple small utilities together to form pipes.%0a%3c %0a%3c The kernel itself was only 10,000 lines long, making it easy for students to understand and begin working on the operating system. Not long after Sixth Edition was released, it was ported to different architectures by enthusiasts.%0a%3c %0a%3c The University of California, Berkeley began to work on their own custom distribution, called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) in the 1980s.%0a%3c %0a%3c When AT&T later tried to restrict terms on the licenses to UNIX beginning with 7th edition, it was too late. The source code had already been unleashed and programmers all over the world began to make their own clones.%0a%3c %0a%3c The Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) began to distribute BSD. Due to licensing disputes with AT&T, the CSRG worked to remove all references to the original AT&T source code. By 1995, BSD provided the world with a Unix-like operating system that was free of restrictions.%0a%3c %0a%3c In the meantime, Andrew Tanenbaum began his work on Minix, a Unix-compatible clone that was the first to target IBM-compatible PC hardware.%0a%3c %0a%3c Finally, Linus Torvalds in the 1990s began his work on the Linux kernel, which was targeted for the then exploding 386 PC market.%0a---%0a> %0a
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diff:1647204326:1637244488:=31,36d30%0a%3c %0a%3c !! History of Free and Open Source Software%0a%3c %0a%3c The beginnings of the software freedom movement can be traced backed to 1976 with the release of Sixth Edition UNIX.%0a%3c %0a%3c %0a
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diff:1637244488:1637146452:=11,16c11%0a%3c !!! UNIX v6%0a%3c %0a%3c !!! UNIX v8%0a%3c %0a%3c Attach:mux.png%0a%3c Attach:blit.mkv%0a---%0a> !!! Research UNIX%0a
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diff:1637146452:1637146015:=1,6c1,2%0a%3c (:title Fifty Years of Freedom: An Interactive Unix History:)%0a%3c %0a%3c Learn about the major milestones in unix history through virtual machines on our network.%0a%3c %0a%3c This exhibit compiles all the major developments in Unix for a new generation to learn about the joy of software freedom.%0a%3c %0a---%0a> (:title Fifty Years of Freedom: An Interactive UNIX History:)%0a> %0a25a22,24%0a> %0a> We can use this diagram, explain it, and educate a new generation about the joys of UNIX%0a> %0a
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diff:1637146015:1637145412:=3,21c3,13%0a%3c [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg|Diagram of Unix history]]%0a%3c %0a%3c !! Unix Past%0a%3c %0a%3c !!! Research UNIX%0a%3c %0a%3c !! Unix Present%0a%3c %0a%3c !!! BSD%0a%3c %0a%3c !!! MINIX%0a%3c %0a%3c !!! GNU/Linux%0a%3c %0a%3c !!! Solaris%0a%3c %0a%3c !! Unix Future%0a%3c %0a%3c !!! Plan 9%0a---%0a> Research UNIX%0a> 4.3BSD%0a> MINIX%0a> Linux%0a> GNU%0a> BSDs%0a> OpenSolaris%0a> Plan 9%0a> %0a> Unix Past, Present, and Future%0a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg%0a
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diff:1637145412:1637145110:=2,16d1%0a%3c %0a%3c Research UNIX%0a%3c 4.3BSD%0a%3c MINIX%0a%3c Linux%0a%3c GNU%0a%3c BSDs%0a%3c OpenSolaris%0a%3c Plan 9%0a%3c %0a%3c Unix Past, Present, and Future%0a%3c https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg%0a%3c %0a%3c We can use this diagram, explain it, and educate a new generation about the joys of UNIX%0a%3c %0a
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diff:1637145110:1637145110:=1d0%0a%3c (:title Fifty Years of Freedom: An Interactive UNIX History:)%0a
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IRCNow